Solar tracking system project

Solar energy is a clean and abundant renewable resource. However, the efficiency of solar panels depends on the angle at which they receive sunlight. As the sun moves across the sky throughout the day, a fixed solar panel won’t be directly facing the sun all the time. This is where solar tracking systems come in. A solar tracking system uses sensors and motors to automatically adjust the position of a solar panel throughout the day. This ensures the panel remains perpendicular to the sun’s rays, maximizing the amount of sunlight it captures.

There are two main types of solar tracking systems based on the number of axes they rotate on: single-axis and dual-axis. Single-axis systems are simpler and more common for hobbyist projects. They typically rotate the solar panel along a horizontal axis, tracking the sun’s east-west movement. Dual-axis systems offer more precise tracking by adjusting the panel on both horizontal and vertical axes, following the sun’s position throughout the day. These are more complex but can achieve higher efficiency gains.

Let us design a solar tracker using two servo motors, a light sensor consisting of four LDRs and Arduino UNO board.

Circuit Diagram

The circuit design of solar tracker is simple but setting up the system must be done carefully.

Four LDRs and Four 100KΩ resistors are connected in a voltage divider fashion and the output is given to 4 Analog input pins of Arduino.

The PWM inputs of two servos are given from digital pins 9 and 10 of Arduino.

Components Required

Arduino UNO
Servo Motor
Light Sensors
LDR
Resistors

Arduino Solar Tracker Working

LDRs are used as the main light sensors. Two servo motors are fixed to the structure that holds the solar panel. The program for Arduino is uploaded to the microcontroller. The working of the project is as follows.

LDRs sense the amount of sunlight falling on them. Four LDRs are divided into top, bottom, left and right.

For east – west tracking, the analog values from two top LDRs and two bottom LDRs are compared and if the top set of LDRs receive more light, the vertical servo will move in that direction.

If the bottom LDRs receive more light, the servo moves in that direction.

For angular deflection of the solar panel, the analog values from two left LDRs and two right LDRs are compared. If the left set of LDRs receive more light than the right set, the horizontal servo will move in that direction.

If the right set of LDRs receive more light, the servo moves in that direction.

Setup

Step-1

Take cardboard. Make a hole in the middle and four holes on four sides so that LDR fit into that.
Stick the solar panel to the cardboard and bring two wires of the panel out as shown.

Step 2

Now cut one of the two leads of the LDR so that one lead is shorter and other is longer.
Insert these four LDRs into four holes as shown.
Bend the straight Perforated metal strip as shown below.
Place the bent metal strip on the back side of the cardboard
Apply glue to the LDR to fix them firmly.

Step 3

Solder the two leads of LDR as shown
To the other ends of LDR Solder resistors of 10k ohm
Join the four leads of the 4 LDRs by connecting with a wire.

Step 4

Now take a bus wire. This is used to connect the Outputs of four LDRs to Arduino board.
Insert it into metal strip as shown in the image.
Now Solder the four wires to four LDRs at any point between LDR and resistor.

Step 5

Insert another two wire bus into the perforated metal strip as shown.This is used for supplying Vcc and GND to LDR circuit.
Solder one wire to the leads of LDRs which are connected to resistors and other wire to the other leads.
Short the leads of LDRs connected to resistors using a wire as shown.

Step 6

Now connect a servo motor to the Perforated metal strip using Screw.
Apply glue to the servo to fix it firmly.

Step 7

Take another straight Perforated metal strip and bend it as shown in the figure.

Step 8

Now place the set up of solar panel and first servo motor to the metal strip of second servo motor as shown.

Project Code

	#include <Servo.h>
	//defining Servos
	Servo servohori;
	int servoh = 0;
	int servohLimitHigh = 160;
	int servohLimitLow = 20;

	Servo servoverti;
	int servov = 0;
	int servovLimitHigh = 160;
	int servovLimitLow = 20;
	//Assigning LDRs
	int ldrtopl = 2; //top left LDR green
	int ldrtopr = 1; //top right LDR yellow
	int ldrbotl = 3; // bottom left LDR blue
	int ldrbotr = 0; // bottom right LDR orange

	void setup ()
	{
	servohori.attach(10);
	servohori.write(0);
	servoverti.attach(9);
	servoverti.write(0);
	delay(500);
	}

	void loop()
	{
	servoh = servohori.read();
	servov = servoverti.read();
	//capturing analog values of each LDR
	int topl = analogRead(ldrtopl);
	int topr = analogRead(ldrtopr);
	int botl = analogRead(ldrbotl);
	int botr = analogRead(ldrbotr);
	// calculating average
	int avgtop = (topl + topr) / 2; //average of top LDRs
	int avgbot = (botl + botr) / 2; //average of bottom LDRs
	int avgleft = (topl + botl) / 2; //average of left LDRs
	int avgright = (topr + botr) / 2; //average of right LDRs

	if (avgtop < avgbot)
	{
	servoverti.write(servov +1);
	if (servov > servovLimitHigh)
	{
	servov = servovLimitHigh;
	}
	delay(10);
	}
	else if (avgbot < avgtop)
	{
	servoverti.write(servov -1);
	if (servov < servovLimitLow)
	{
	servov = servovLimitLow;
	}
	delay(10);
	}
	else
	{
	servoverti.write(servov);
	}

	if (avgleft > avgright)
	{
	servohori.write(servoh +1);
	if (servoh > servohLimitHigh)
	{
	servoh = servohLimitHigh;
	}
	delay(10);
	}
	else if (avgright > avgleft)
	{
	servohori.write(servoh -1);
	if (servoh < servohLimitLow)
	{
	servoh = servohLimitLow;
	}
	delay(10);
	}
	else
	{
	servohori.write(servoh);
	}
	delay(50);
	}