PAT Testing: Portable Appliance Testing

Introduction

With the increasing number of electrical appliances in use and stricter safety standards, many countries have adopted systems to ensure electrical appliance safety. One such system is Portable Appliance Testing (PAT).

PAT testing is a routine inspection and testing process carried out on electrical appliances to ensure they are safe to use. Its main objective is to reduce the risk of electrical accidents, injuries, short circuits, and electric shocks in workplaces and public environments.

Frequent use of electrical equipment can cause wear and tear to cables, plugs, and internal wiring, increasing the likelihood of faults. PAT testing helps identify these issues before they become hazardous.

What is a PAT Test?

A PAT test, or Portable Appliance Test, involves both visual inspection and electrical testing of appliances. The visual inspection checks for obvious signs of damage such as frayed cables, cracked plugs, or loose connections. In addition to visual checks, specialized PAT testing equipment is used to assess the electrical condition of the appliance. This includes tests for earth continuity, insulation resistance, polarity, and leakage current.

After testing, each appliance is clearly labelled as either “Passed” or “Failed.” Any appliance that fails must be removed from service until it is repaired or safely disposed of. Failed appliances should never be used, as they pose serious safety risks.

Appliances Covered Under PAT Testing

PAT testing applies to a wide range of electrical appliances, generally grouped into the following categories:

• Fixed appliances
• Stationary appliances
• IT equipment
• Moveable appliances
• Portable appliances
• Cables and chargers
• Hand-held appliances

PAT Testing Legislation

PAT testing legislation varies from country to country. In some regions, PAT testing is not legally required, while in others it is strictly enforced. In the United Kingdom, PAT testing itself is not a legal requirement. However, there is a legal duty to ensure that electrical equipment is maintained in a safe condition. PAT testing is widely regarded as one of the most effective ways to meet this obligation.

In many countries, PAT testing has become the standard method for demonstrating compliance with electrical safety regulations. Even where not legally required, it is often considered a moral responsibility to ensure electrical equipment is safe to use.

Workplaces That Require PAT Testing

• Industrial workplaces
• Construction sites
• Commercial environments
• Educational institutions
• Hospitality sector
• Medical facilities and hospitals
• Rental properties (domestic and commercial)
• Any environment accessible to the public

How Often Should PAT Testing Be Done?

Since PAT testing is not always a legal requirement, there is no fixed rule regarding testing frequency. The appropriate interval depends on several factors:

• The level of risk associated with the environment
• The type and category of the appliance
• The electrical class of the appliance
• The age of the appliance
• How frequently and in what manner the appliance is used
• Manufacturer recommendations
• Any repairs, modifications, or replacements made

Who Can Perform a PAT Test?

According to the Institute of Electrical Engineers (IEE), a person carrying out PAT testing should:

• Have adequate knowledge of electricity
• Have experience working with electrical systems
• Understand potential electrical hazards
• Be familiar with electricity-at-work regulations
• Take all necessary safety precautions
• Understand how electrical appliances operate
• Be able to judge whether an appliance is safe for continued use

PAT testing does not always need to be carried out by a qualified electrician, but it must be done by a competent person with appropriate training and experience.