Introduction The heart of an industrial automation system is the PLC (Programmable Logic Controller). A PLC is a rugged industrial...

Introduction Large industrial establishments involve numerous complex processes that must be monitored continuously. Each machine produces different outputs, making manual...

Introduction Most real-world physical quantities such as temperature, pressure, sound, and light exist in analogue form. However, digital processors like...

Introduction As modern applications and devices become an essential part of homes and businesses, software reliability has become critically important....

Introduction In the late 1990s, OTDR administrators and the customer community introduced a standardized data technique for storing and analyzing...

Introduction Spectrum analyzers are important test instruments used to measure frequency-related parameters in electrical and electronic systems. These analyzers are...

Introduction Bluetooth is a well-established wireless technology used to provide short-range connectivity between devices such as wireless headphones, mobile phones,...

Introduction JTAG (Joint Test Action Group) is a well-known IEEE 1149.1 standard developed in the 1980s to address manufacturing and...

Introduction A pulse transformer is one of the most widely used custom transformers in various industrial and electronic applications. In...

Introduction Transformers are one of the most significant developments in the electrical and industrial fields. They offer numerous benefits and...